An alteration to chromosome structure which only involves one chromosome is called MONOSOMY.
Alterations in chromosomes structures usually leads to mutation. Monosomy refers to the condition of heaving a diploid chromosome complement in which one chromosome lacks its homologous partner.
The membrane bound organelle you refer to is the Lysosome. The lysosome fuses with a vacuole where it digest the contents.
Exosphere is in the top 600-800km exosphere has a very low amount of gases almost like in outer space.
Termosphere, 80-600km absorbs gamma rays uv rays and rays that damage our healt also know as ionosphere, is the hottest one.
Mesosphere, 50-80km, the temperature here reaches -140 Celsius shooting stars are formed here
Stratosphere, 12-50km produces the mayor part of the atmospheric ozone, some army planes reach this later
Troposphere, thats the source of the mayor part of the gases here in the atmosphere.
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.............................Correct.