Oxygen-free radicals that are very proactive molecules with every cellular module/component
Answer:
b. The rats press the lever least when cocaine is presented.
Explanation:
Reinforcement or reward refers to the physiological processes by which a given behavior, such as drug use, becomes habitual. This occurs when neurons release the neurotransmitter dopamine to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) after drug use.
In tobacco, nicotine is the main component triggering of the reinforcement. Once inside the brain, nicotine activates nicotinic receptors, which in turn contributes to the reinforcement mechanism. Following repeated exposure to nicotine, a neuroadaptation process is established for some (but not all) effects of nicotine. Increased brain nAChRs (acetylcoline receptors) are observed in response to desensitization of these nicotine-mediated receptors. This desensitization can play an important role in the development of tolerance and dependence.
The fact that nicotine is a weak reinforcer, means that maybe the rat already had an neuroadaptation with this drug, not feeling anything with this drug anymore, and thats why he would prefer other drug, like cocaine, pressing the lever of nicotine less often.
Given the situation above, the best person to turn to for help would be <span>A lawyer who handles insurance cases. This is because hiring a lawyer to interact with the insurance companies after studying the legal implications of their coverage and terms of agreement will be more effective than trying to deal with these companies on their own. The correct answer is therefore the THIRD CHOICE.</span>
There are several sphincters that appear along the gastrointestinal tract in the human body. The sphincters are; upper esophageal, lower esophageal, pyloric, ileocaecal, and the inner and outer anal sphincters.
