Answer:
The effects of iron deficiency on cell culture growth, cell respiration, mitochondrial oxidative properties, and the electron transport chain were studied with suspension-cultured sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) cells. Iron deprivation considerably decreased the initial growth rates and limited the maximum density of the cells. Under these conditions, the cells remained swollen throughout their growth. The absence of iron led to a steady decline in the uncoupled rate of O2 consumption. When the uncoupled rate of O2 uptake closely approximated the respiratory rate, the cells began to collapse. At this stage, the level of all the cytochromes and electron paramagnetic resonance-detectable Fe-S clusters of the mitochondrial inner membrane were dramatically decreased. Nevertheless, it appeared from substrate oxidation measurements that this overall depletion in iron-containing components solely disturbed the functioning of complex II, whereas neither complexes I, III, or IV, nor the machinery involved in ATP synthesis, was apparently impaired in iron-deficient mitochondria. However, our results suggest that the impairment of complex II resulted in a strong reduction of the overall capacity of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, which was responsible for determining the rate of endogenous respiration in sycamore cells. Finally, this situation led to a depletion of various energy metabolites that could contribute to the premature cell death.
Explanation:
Answer: It provides the greatest detail of an image when light hits it
Answer:
1:0 orange eyes:black eyes
Explanation:
If black-eyed mendelian and an orange-eyed mendelian give all the offspring with black eyes, this means that the black eye allele is dominantt over orange eye. So, if we name the gene for the eye color with A, the genotypes of the parents would be AA (black eyes) and aa (orange eyes).
P: AA x aa
F1: Aa Aa Aa Aa (all heterozygous with black eyes).
Cross between two orange-eyed mendelians:
P: aa x aa
F1: aa aa aa aa all of them with orange eyes
There is confusion over the definition of the term “viability state(s)” of microorganisms. “Viability staining” or “vital staining techniques” are used to distinguish live from dead bacteria. These stainings, first established on planctonic bacteria, may have serious shortcomings when applied to multispecies biofilms. Results of staining techniques should be compared with appropriate microbiological data.
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Answer:
Mitochondria
Explanation:
This vigorous activity is powered by organelles known as mitochondria.