Answer:
F=Fahrenheit and C=Celsius
Step-by-step explanation:
Answer:
X
Step-by-step explanation:
Trust me or its cannot be determined
Step-by-step explanation:
from the line above
P1 = -2
P2 = -1
P3 = 1/3
P4 = 2/3
P5 = 1 1/2 = 3/2
The product of P1 to P5,P
=> P = -2×-1×1/3×2/3×3/2 = 2/3
Reliable causal inference based on observational studies is seriously threatened by unmeasured confounding.
What is unmeasured cofounding?
- By definition, an unmeasured confounder is a variable that is connected to both the exposed and the result and could explain the apparent observed link.
- The validity of interpretation in observational studies is threatened by unmeasured confounding. The use of negative control group to reduce unmeasured confounding has grown in acceptance and popularity in recent years.
Although they've been utilised mostly for bias detection, negative controls have a long history in laboratory sciences and epidemiology of ruling out non-causal causes. A pair of negative control exposure and outcome variables can be utilised to non-parametrically determine the average treatment effect (ATE) from observational data that is vulnerable to uncontrolled confounding, according to a recent study by Miao and colleagues.
Reliable causal inference based on observational studies is seriously threatened by unmeasured confounding.
Learn more about unmeasured confounding here:
brainly.com/question/10863424
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By definition, we have
So, we have to solve two different equations, depending of the possible range for the variable. We have to remember about these ranges when we decide to accept or discard the solutions:
Suppose that 
In this case, the absolute value doesn't do anything: the equation is
We are supposing 
, so we can accept this solution.
Now, suppose that 
. Now the sign of the expression is flipped by the absolute value, and the equation becomes
Again, the solution is coherent with the assumption, so we can accept this value as well.
