<span>Nuclei of atoms which make up the newborn baby were made in ancient stars.
Ancient stars exploded many years ago and this is the same nuclei where newborn babies are being made.</span>
By several tries and studies
The common atrium is subdivided into a left and right atrium by an interatrial septum, which consists of two parts: the septum primum and the septum secundum that partially overlap.
What is septum primum and septum secundum?
- The septum primum, which divides the right from the left, is a structure inside the primitive atrium.
- In the direction of the endocardial cushions, this septum descends.
- The foramen primum, a hole in this septum, keeps the blood flowing through the heart.
- The foramen secundum develops as the foramen primum shrinks in size.
What is the purpose of septum secundum?
- A muscular flap called the septum secundum plays a significant role in heart growth.
- It has a semi-lunar form and develops from the atrium's upper wall to the right of the septum primum and ostium secundum.
- It is crucial for the foramen ovale to close after birth.
Learn more about septum secundum
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<u>The correct question is -</u>
The common atrium is subdivided into a left and right atrium by an interatrial septum, which consists of two parts: the septum ______ and the septum ______ that partially overlap.
The right answer is B. controlling the flow of blood to the skin
When the body temperature is below the set point, the hypothalamus activates several thermogenesis mechanisms:
* Vasoconstriction on the vessels near th skin by the sympathetic nervous system to reduce thermal exchanges between the skin and the surrounding environment.
* And increase in heat production:
-by muscular activity:
-by the metabolism:
Answer:
The preceding section reviewed the major metabolic reactions by which the cell obtains and stores energy in the form of ATP. This metabolic energy is then used to accomplish various tasks, including the synthesis of macromolecules and other cell constituents. Thus, energy derived from the breakdown of organic molecules (catabolism) is used to drive the synthesis of other required components of the cell. Most catabolic pathways involve the oxidation of organic molecules coupled to the generation of both energy (ATP) and reducing power (NADH). In contrast, biosynthetic (anabolic) pathways generally involve the use of both ATP and reducing power (usually in the form of NADPH) for the production of new organic compounds. One major biosynthetic pathway, the synthesis of carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O during the dark reactions of photosynthesis, was discussed in the preceding section. Additional pathways leading to the biosynthesis of major cellular constituents (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) are reviewed in the sections that follow.
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Carbohydrates
In addition to being obtained directly from food or generated by photosynthesis, glucose can be synthesized from other organic molecules. In animal cells, glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) usually starts with lactate (produced by anaerobic glycolysis), amino acids (derived from the breakdown of proteins), or glycerol (produced by the breakdown of lipids). Plants (but not animals) are also able to synthesize glucose from fatty acids—a process that is particularly important during the germination of seeds, when energy stored as fats must be converted to carbohydrates to support growth of the plant. In both animal and plant cells, simple sugars are polymerized and stored as polysaccharides.
Gluconeogenesis involves the conversion of pyruvate to glucose—essentially the reverse of glycolysis. However, as discussed earlier, the glycolytic conversion of glucose to pyruvate is an energy-yielding pathway, generating two molecules each of ATP and NADH. Although some reactions of glycolysis are readily reversible, others will proceed only in the direction of glucose breakdown, because they are associated with a large decrease in free energy. These energetically favorable reactions of glycolysis are bypassed during gluconeogenesis by other reactions (catalyzed by different enzymes) that are coupled to the expenditure of ATP and NADH in order to drive them in the direction of glucose synthesis. Overall, the generation of glucose from two molecules of pyruvate requires four molecules of ATP, two of GTP, and two of NADH. This process is considerably more costly than the simple reversal of glycolysis (which would require two molecules of ATP and two of NADH), illustrating the additional energy required to drive the pathway in the direction of biosynthesis.
