The answer is preoperational intelligence. The preoperational stage is the second stage in Piaget's hypothesis of psychological advancement. This stage starts around age 2 as youngsters begin and last until roughly age 7. Amid this stage, youngsters start to take part in emblematic play and figure out how to control images.
Here Jack is influenced by what Burrhus Frederic Skinner an American
psychologist calls negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement which is the
opposite of positive reinforcement and it means that the rate of behavior is increased
in order to avoid an unpleasant situation or unpleasant stimulus or negative
outcome.
Senators serve 6 years terms and elections over Senate are staggered over even years. So only one third of senate is up for reelection.
The transcontential railroad is a prime example.
