Answer:
1. The difference between the normal hemoglobin protein DNA sequence and the sickle cell hemoglobin DNA sequence is a base to base shift, in this case adenine (GAG) to thymine (GTG).
2. The difference affects the amino acid sequence of the protein by replacing glutamic acid (Glu) with valine (Val).
Explanation:
In sickle cell anemia, a change in the DNA nucleotide sequence is observed, where adenine is substituted by thymine, whose expression is the change in the amino acid sequence of globine β, incorporating valine instead of glutamic acid. This represents a molecular mutation - point mutation - by subtitution, which corresponds to missense mutation.
<u>Normal hemoglobin protein in a RBC</u>
DNA CTG ACT CCT GAG GAG AAG TCT
Amino acids Leu Thr Pro Glu Glu Lys Ser
<u>Sickle cell hemoglobin protein in a RBC</u>
DNA CTG ACT CCT <em>GTG</em> GAG AAG TCT
Amino acids Leu Thr Pro <em>Val</em> Glu Lys Ser
When GAG is transcribed to mRNA, the CUC codon is obtained, which codes for glutamic acid. Thymine substitution causes the DNA sequence to change to GTG, which is transcribed as CAC, the codon that encodes the amino acid valine. The <u>change from glutamic acid to valine in β-globin causes an altered hemoglobin, giving the abnormal erythrocytes observed in sickle cell disease</u>.
Answer:
The Harris Benedict Equation is a formula that determines the total daily energy expenditure (calories) using BMR with some activity factors.
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is defined as the amount of calories one would burn without doing anything for 24 hours. It uses variables of weight, age, height and gender to calculate BMR.
<em>BMR calculation = 447.593 + (9.247 x weight in kg) + (3.098 x height in cm) - (4.330 x age in years)</em>
<em>In</em><em> </em><em>Harris Benedict Equation, </em><u><em>BMR</em></u><em> is </em><u><em>multiplied</em></u><em> by </em><u><em>activity factor </em></u><em>to determine calories need.</em>
The activity factors in Harris Benedict Equation are:
for no exercise = 1.2
exercise for 1 to 3 days/week or light exercise = 1.375
exercise for 3-5 days/week or moderate exercise = 1.55
exercise for 6-7 days a week or hard exercise = 1.725
exercise for 2 times training = 1.9
<u>So, calculation for my calorie needs is as following:</u>
BMR = 447.593 + (9.247 x 50 kg) + (3.098 x 164.592 cm) - (4.330 x 23 in years) = 974.945
Calorie needs = BMR x 1.55
= 974.945 x 1.55
= 1511.16 calories
Answer:
The root and shoot systems facilitate the ability to absorb, CO2, light, water, and minerals. The root system consists of the roots, and the shoot system consists of the stems and leaves. Angiosperms and vascular plants rely on these two systems. Roots are nonphotosynthetic and starve unless photosynthesates are absorbed through the shoot system. The shoot system depends on the roots to absorb nutrients.
Explanation:
Phylum, it is the second largest group.
Some plants are able to withstand extreme weather conditions
