Answer:
At the base of Actinopterygii
*This is a unique characteristic of this group.
Explanation:
A peculiar characteristic organ observed in ray-finned fish (as well as in Sarcopterygii, or lobe-finned fish) but not in cartilaginous fish like shark is the swim bladder.
This organ is often described to be a sac containing gas. It helps these set of fish adjust its buoyancy and its position in the water by regulating the concentration of gas present in it.
The swim bladder is formed as a pouch coming off the embryonic digestive tract, and in chondrosteans and holosteans, with a set of teleosts e.g. the eels, it maintains an open pathway to the esophagus. In majority of the bony fish, the swim bladder is totally sealed off, as gas levels in their swim bladder are regulated by producing gas into the bladder via a network of capillaries, the rete mirabile (Latin word for "marvelous net").
The swim bladder is homologous to the lungs of tetrapods. Since they are formed in the same vein. Few fishes that have an open swim bladder employs it as a breathing organ.
So that it can protect exposed tissue, a layer of meristematic cells, cork cambium, or phellogen rises from the cortex.
Why temperature affects heart rate in ectothermic organisms? If the temperature is within the optimal range for enzyme activity more ATP will be produced and the heart will beat faster due to increased metabolic activity and energy availability.
A leaf is made up of many layers and is surrounded by two. Upper epidermis, mesophyll, bundle sheath, vein, mesophyll, lower epidermis, and guard cells.
I believe it would be C) Cellulose. As this is one of the essential components found in the cell wall of plant cells.
