I think its talking about nanobots, they are injected into your body with a syringe and improve your body and senses to almost superhuman levels.
A fossil is the remains of an ancient organism.
For number one, the shadows are longest at sunrise and sunset, and these are different from the ones cast at noon because they are longest and darkest. Hope this helped! I'll probably come back to help with the second one after I do more research :)
