Small, prolific mussels called zebra mussels were first introduced into the Great Lakes by a foreign cargo ship. They became a s
erious problem because they attached themselves to smooth, hard surfaces, and often clogged water intake pipes. Congress determined that zebra mussels posed a great threat to the economic welfare of the Great Lakes region and passed a statute requiring all Great Lakes water intakes to be coated with a special chemical compound that repels zebra mussels. Studies by biologists at a major state university showed that while the special chemical compound that the federal government has required was effective, it also was toxic to other aquatic life. The biologists recommended that Great Lakes intake pipes be coated with a less toxic and less expensive copper-based paint. On the basis of those studies and the recommendation, three Great Lakes states adopted laws permitting municipal water districts to coat their intake pipes with copper paint. Can municipalities using copper-based paint on their intake pipes successfully be prosecuted for violating the federal law?
A. No, because the Tenth Amendment prevents Congress from interfering with integral government functions.
B. No, because the municipalities are taking effective steps to combat zebra mussels in compliance with the spirit and purpose of the federal law.
C. Yes, because Congress is in a better position to regulate the entire Great Lakes region than the individual states.
D. Yes, because Congress may adopt laws regulating navigable waters.
Answer: Yes, because Congress may adopt laws regulating navigable waters.
Explanation:
It should be noted that municipalities using copper-based paint on their intake pipes can successfully be prosecuted for violating the federal law because Congress may adopt laws regulating navigable waters.
Under the Supremacy Clause, when the action of either the state government or the local government conflicts with the federal laws which are deemed valid, then such cities can be prosecuted.
A dog breathes in oxygen and then releases carbon dioxide when he exhales. Conversely, a tree gives off oxygen and takes in carbon dioxide. So the breath of the dog sustains the tree while the output of oxygen for the tree sustains the dog.
The glycolysis of one glucose molecule produces two acetyl CoA molecules, the reactions in the glycolytic pathway and citric acid cycle produce six CO2 molecules, ten (10) NADH molecules, and two (2) FADH2 molecules per glucose molecule. Therefore the total number of NADH + FADH2 molecules produced is 12.
