I believe the answer is Old Racism;New Racism
Old Racism refers tot he method of racial treatment that took form in direct actions to discriminate a certain racial group (such as what we did during the Segregation)
New Racism refers to the method of racial treatment that took form in passive-aggressive actions against other members of racial group (such as giving them lower pay, Refusing Candidacy of people from minority groups, etc)
The answer is: They attributed high crime rates to certain social and physical conditions (first option).
Explanation:
In an article published by the School of Social Service Administration (SSA), in the Summer of 2012, Carl Vogel wrote that the punitive policy of incarceration in the U.S. was resulting in ex-convicts returning to their neighborhoods with little, if any, options (education or specialized training) for them to avoid going back to their criminal lifestyle.
Most of them either with strong substance addiction or with a very complicated economical situation, either of which, leading them to commit a crime again.
Maggie, a graduate student at a local university, is interested in the impact on intelligence of the no child left behind legislation. so she gives an intelligence test to people ranging in age from 15 to 45. maggie is conducting a cross sectional study. It is also known as a cross-sectional analysis, transversal study, prevalence study. It is also a type of observational study which analyzes data collected from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time—that is, cross-sectional data.
