Soil composition would be best for availability of nutrients, water, and root development higher proportion of humus; lower amounts of clay and sand
Compared to the lower soil layers, the topsoil or surface soil often includes more organic matter and air but less clay. The topsoil typically has the highest concentration of plant roots and is more fertile than the other layers.
- Nutrient management includes managing the composition of the soil. Minerals, organic material, water, and air are the fundamental elements of soil. Typically, 45% of the soil is made up of minerals. 5% organic material 20–30% water and 20–30% air are used. At best, these percentages are merely generalizations.
- Numerous nutrients are found in soil, which are obtained from dead plants and animals. The plants eat these nutrients as nourishment. So soil contributes to the growth of plants by giving them sustenance in the form of nutrients.
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The ileum contains villi that project into the lumen and increase the amount of surface area.
Villi are small finger-like structures that project into the lumen of the small intestine. Villi increase the surface area of the intestinal walls for easy and quick absorption of digested food with the addition of digestive secretions. Villi vary in length from about 0.5 to 1 mm. They are usually found in large numbers at the beginning of the small intestine and they reduce toward the end of the tract.
The portion of the membrane that faces the lumen is called the apical membrane.
Membrane is the lipid bilayer that surrounds the cell on its outer surface. The membrane serves various functions like: protection, cell shape and integrity and regulate the traffic of molecules across the membrane. It is semi-permeable in nature.
Lumen is the hollow portion present inside any organ or tube like the artery or intestine. It is a Latin word that means 'an opening'. The lumen of different organs served various purposes. However, the major function is the transport of substances like air, nutrients, waste materials, immune cells, hormones, etc.
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Explanation:
Epipelagic zone, the topmost at the surface of the oceans receives most of the sunlight and most penetrating light rays diffuse in this layer. The temperatures at this zone, therefore, is warmer than zones below. This zone has lowest water pressure becaue there is little water column above it.
The deeper you get into the water the penetration of sunlight decreases. This is because the rays are greatly diffused even before they get to the deepest zones. The abyssalpelagic zone virtually receives no sunlight because the rays cannot get to this zone. This zone is, therefore, pitch dark and also the coldest. The deeper you get into the ocean the higher the water pressure due to the weight of the able water column. The water pressure is, therefore, highest in the abyssalpelagic zone.
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