Cocoa is the dried and fully fermented fatty seed of the cacao tree from which chocolate is made. "Cocoa" can often also refer to the drink commonly known as hot chocolate; cocoa powder, the dry powder made by grinding cocoa seeds and removing the cocoa butter from the dark, bitter cocoa solids; or it may refer to the combination of both cocoa powder and cocoa butter together
 
Beans inside the Pod Cocoa beans before roasting
Climate
Cocoa can be grown up to 300 m above mean sea level. It requires a minimum of 90-100 mm rainfall per month with an annual rainfall of 1500-2000 mm. The plants need equitable climate with well distributed rainfall. If dry periods are prolonged, irrigation scheduling is necessary. The temperature range of 15°-39°C with optimum of 25°C is considered ideal.
Soil
Cocoa requires deep and well drained soils. Poorly drained soil affects growth of plants. Majority of area under Cocoa cultivation is on clay loam and sandy loam soil. It grows well in the pH range of 6.5 to 7.0.
Shade requirement
Cocoa was evolved as an under-storey crop in the Amazonian forests. Thus commercial cultivation of cocoa can be taken up in plantations where 50 per cent of light is ideally available. In India, coconut and arecanut gardens are suited best for cultivating Cocoa. Under arecanut 30-50% of sunlight penetrates through their canopy which can be intercepted by cocoa.
Released varieties from CPCRI
Details of recently released varieties of cocoa
NC-45/53
 
Selection from Nigerian clone
Early, heavy bearer, self and cross compatible
Green (immature) to Yellow (ripe) color pods
Pods (no/tree/year) -75
Pod weight (g)- 321, Beans/ pod- 37, Single dry bean weight (g) - 1.05
Average dry bean yield (kg/tree/year) - 1.33
Potential yield (kg/tree/year) - 2.5
Yield kg/ha - 911
Fat content (%) - 52.5
Shelling percentage - 12
Recommended area - areca and coconut gardens of Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu
Joseph Priestley is an 18th century natural philosopher who is famous in his experiments in electricity, air, optics and soda water. His works are qualitative rather than quantitative because he does not concern himself with theories but practical applications.
His experiment in electricity through replication of other experiments lead to the publication of his book known as History of Electricity. He observed that electricity conducts through certain materials like coal and that electricity flow from conductors to non-conductors.With this experiments he concluded that conductivity is related to chemical property.
Another experiment that lead to a famous discovery is placing a mice in closed container with mercuric oxide. He concluded that the mice survived sometime because of common air-oxygen. He then relate oxygen in respiration and its use in the blood.
Answer:
Explanation:
In a cross-section of an adult tree trunk, the outer layer that interacts with the environment is called periderm (Layer D). The second layer that follows the periderm is the phloem (Layer C). The next layer is the cambium, which produces phloem cells and xylem cells (Layer B). The secondary xylem follows the vascular cambium (Layer A) and finally, the medulla is located in the middle of the trunk.
The secondary xylem proceeds from the vascular cambium activity. Its cells are orientated in different ways composing the vertical/axial system and the horizontal/transversal system. The secondary xylem is essential to the tree growth in high because of its resistance and the capacity to transport water long distances. Secondary xylem functions are to transport water and minerals through its vessels and tracheids, to provide support and resistance to the plant, and to store reserve substances.
Yes art is universal because most pieces use images, colors, and shapes to convey meaning so anyone from any part of the world can find the hidden meaning.
