Answer:
b. The rats press the lever least when cocaine is presented.
Explanation:
Reinforcement or reward refers to the physiological processes by which a given behavior, such as drug use, becomes habitual. This occurs when neurons release the neurotransmitter dopamine to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) after drug use.
In tobacco, nicotine is the main component triggering of the reinforcement. Once inside the brain, nicotine activates nicotinic receptors, which in turn contributes to the reinforcement mechanism. Following repeated exposure to nicotine, a neuroadaptation process is established for some (but not all) effects of nicotine. Increased brain nAChRs (acetylcoline receptors) are observed in response to desensitization of these nicotine-mediated receptors. This desensitization can play an important role in the development of tolerance and dependence.
The fact that nicotine is a weak reinforcer, means that maybe the rat already had an neuroadaptation with this drug, not feeling anything with this drug anymore, and thats why he would prefer other drug, like cocaine, pressing the lever of nicotine less often.
Improved is a poor choice of word for risk since increased risk not giving a good effect.
As far as I know, there are many reports that alcohol can reduce diabetes risk and a few about gall bladder stones but there no cirrhosis reduced risk.
Assuming that the question means which disease that the risk will be increased it should be cirrhosis.
Every month or once a month an egg will mature within the woman's ovaries. Once it reaches maturity it leaves the ovary and being push down in the fallopian tube where it will be fertilize and may meet up a sperm. This is what we call Ovulation.
Venipuncture is a routine surgical puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for laboratory testing or for the administration of intravenous fluids or drugs. It is done as part of the observation for a wide range of medical conditions.
1. Types of information patients will be able to share with Bruce about their previous venipuncture experience are the complications caused by venipuncture. Examples are:
a. hematoma – most common
b. osteomyelitis
c. vein occlusion
d.. syncope.
e. hemoconcentration
f. petechiae
g. collapsed veins
Other serious complications include cellulitis, phlebitis, diaphoresis, and hypotension
2. If Bruce knows this information, he can better serve his patients by taking the necessary precautions.
For example, for patients who experienced Hematoma:
Bruce is aware not to push the needle too far into so as to prevent blood leaks causing a bruise to the patient again.
3. Yes, patients are a good source of information about their bodies and their reactions to past experiences.
C is the answer hope that helps if you dont get why i can explain :)<span />
