Answer: The relationship between blood pressure and heart rate responses to coughing was investigated in 10 healthy subjects in three body positions and compared with the circulatory responses to commonly used autonomic function tests: forced breathing, standing up and the Valsalva manoeuvre. 2. We observed a concomitant intra-cough increase in supine heart rate and blood pressure and a sustained post-cough elevation of heart rate in the absence of arterial hypotension. These findings indicate that the sustained increase in heart rate in response to coughing is not caused by arterial hypotension and that these heart rate changes are not under arterial baroreflex control. 3. The maximal change in heart rate in response to coughing (28 +/- 8 beats/min) was comparable with the response to forced breathing (29 +/- 9 beats/min, P greater than 0.4), with a reasonable correlation (r = 0.67, P less than 0.05), and smaller than the change in response to standing up (41 +/- 9 beats/min, P less than 0.01) and to the Valsalva manoeuvre (39 +/- 13 beats/min, P less than 0.01). 4. Quantifying the initial heart rate response to coughing offers no advantage in measuring cardiac acceleratory capacity; standing up and the Valsalva manoeuvre are superior to coughing in evaluating arterial baroreflex cardiovascular function.
Explanation:
You need to recognize that the higher on the food chain, the fewer the number of organisms that occupy that level. This is because of the energy that is available from one level to the next has to decrease since it is used for life's processes.
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Answer: B) the destruction of plant and animal habitats by humans
Explanation:
The global biodiversity is reducing due to natural and human induced environmental changes such as volcanic eruption, landslides, earthquakes and human induced forest fires, nuclear explosions and others. Apart from the changes in the environment. The human beings are directly responsible for the reduction in the area occupied by the biodiversity of plants and animals for maintaining the urban infrastructure.
On the basis of the above explanation, this can be said that B) the destruction of plant and animal habitats by humans is the relevant option that should be included in the poster.
