Answer: I'm pretty sure it's the third one
Explanation:
Answer:
first one is pre second ones pes third one is pes fouth one is pre
Explanation:
ur welcome
The question is incomplete. The complete question is:
Question: Innate immunity:
a) is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to a pathogen.
b) is the first and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogens
c) is found only in vertebrates
d) depends on an infected animal's previous exposure to a pathogen
Answer:
b) is the first and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogens
Explanation:
Innate immunity is the nonspecific immune response that provides immediate and the most general protection against all types of pathogens, parasites, toxins and cancer cells. Innate immune responses serve to prevent the pathogens from entering the body. The components of innate immunity also rapidly destroy those pathogens that have entered the body.
Some of the components of innate immunity are the first line of defense such as the physical and chemical barriers of the skin and mucous membranes. The components of the second line of defense such as natural killer cells, phagocytes and inflammatory response are also involved in innate immune responses.
For example, cuticle or skin serves as a physical barrier to pathogens that come in contact with an animal’s body. Phagocytosis kills the bacteria that invade the body.
Answer:
Explanation:
NADH and FADH2 are both electron carriers of the electron transport chain. NADH gives up its electrons starting from Complex I, which has a higher energy level compared to other complexes. Energy is given off to pump protons across the membrane by the time electrons are transferred to ComplexIII. More electrons are pumped across the membrane as electrons move to Complex IV. Because NADH commenced giving up its electrons from Complex I (higher energy level complex), more protons are pumped across the membrane gradient, which enables ATP synthase with more power to produce 3ATP molecules per NADH molecule.
On the other hand, 2 molecules of ATP are generated by FADH2 because it starts by giving up its electrons to ComplexII. It missed a chance to pump protons across the membrane when it passed Complex I. By the time the electrons reach Complex IV, less protons have been pumped. The lesser the protons to power ATP synthase, the lesser the ATP molecules produced.