Long-term potentiation (LTP) is considered a cellular correlate of learning and memory. The presence of G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K(+) (GIRK) channels near excitatory synapses on dendritic spines suggests their possible involvement in synaptic plasticity. However, whether activity-dependent regulation of channels affects excitatory synaptic plasticity is unknown. In a companion article we have reported activity-dependent regulation of GIRK channel density in cultured hippocampal neurons that requires activity oF receptors (NMDAR) and protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) and takes place within 15 min. In this study, we performed whole-cell recordings of cultured hippocampal neurons and found that NMDAR activation increases basal GIRK current and GIRK channel activation mediated by adenosine A(1) receptors, but not GABA(B) receptors. Given the similar involvement of NMDARs, adenosine receptors, and PP1 in depotentiation of LTP caused by low-frequency stimulation that immediately follows LTP-inducing high-frequency stimulation, we wondered whether NMDAR-induced increase in GIRK channel surface density and current may contribute to the molecular mechanisms underlying this specific depotentiation. Remarkably, GIRK2 null mutation or GIRK channel blockade abolishes depotentiation of LTP, demonstrating that GIRK channels are critical for depotentiation, one form of excitatory synaptic plasticity.
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Answer: The question is not complete as options are not complete , the remain part are;
A. 3.7 years, photosynthetic bacteria.
B. 3.7 years cyanobacteria.
The correct option is
3.7 billion years old, cyanobacteria and stromatolite.
Explanation:
This is because cyanobacteria is the oldest fossil to exist and they have been in existence for about 3. 7 billion years. These cyanobacteria photosynthesized because they have thread like chlorophyll filament, they produce food through the process of photosynthesis which is needed for their survival and they release oxygen as bye product.
Answer:
black is the dominant phenotype.
Explanation:
The black gene "overrides" the gene that codes for blue, thus making it dominant.
Answer:
there is no image attachment. if u add one, i can help!
(also, i see that you are new on brainly, just so u know, there a bots spamming bit.Iy links and i just want u to know, NEVER click on them. they are viruses.)
Explanation:
have a good day!
~mina
