Mutations result from an error in DNA replication, should it be from an alien source (like radiation) or simply a mistake in replication.
Migration of organisms to a new population would alter the DNA by adding new genes, but it would not mutate them.
they are formed by layers of dead cells and is produced by the formation of multiple layers of suberized periderm, cortical and phloem tissue.
The right answer is research reading and writing.
The research includes a collection of data, information, and facts for the advancement of knowledge.
Reading is undoubtedly an entertainment, but it is also a precious help to learn to express oneself and to think.
Reading is an awakening of the soul and the heart. Enjoyment of thought and feeling.
Writing is a graphic expression of language, it is a process that is currently used to immobilize, to fix the articulated language, fleeting in essence.
© 1998, 1999 Gregory Carey Chapter 7: The New Genetics - 1 Chapter 7: The New Genetics—Techniques for DNA Analysis Introduction Before the 1980s, finding the genotype of an individual usually involved various laboratory assays for a gene product—the protein or enzyme. The cases of the ABO and Rhesus blood groups are classic examples of how one infers genotypes from the reaction of gene products with certain chemicals. In the mid 1980s, genetic technology took a great leap forward with the ability to genotype the DNA itself. The geneticist could now examine the DNA directly without going through the laborious process of developing assays to detect individual differences in proteins and enzymes. Direct DNA analysis had the further advantage of being able to identify alleles in sections of DNA that did not code for polypeptide chains. As a result of these new advances, the number of genetic loci that could be detected increased exponentially and soon led to the identification of the genes for disorders that had remained a mystery for the better part of this century. In this chapter, the major molecular techniques are outlined. The purpose is to provide a quick and understandable reference for the social scientist. The content of this chapter is not something that is required to understand genetics, what genes are, or how they relate to human behavior. Indeed, this chapter may be skipped without any great loss of continuity. Hence, only the essentials are given and the reader interested in the laboratory science behind the techniques is referred to contemporary textbooks on molecular genetics. We begin by defining a series of basic tools and techniques. © 1998, 1999 Gregory Carey Chapter 7: The New Genetics - 2 Basic Tools and Techniques: Basic tools: Electrophoresis Electrophoresis is a technique that separates small biological molecules by their molecular weight. It may be applied to molecules as large as proteins and enzymes as well as to small snippets of DNA and RNA. One begins the procedure by constructing a “gel”—a highly viscous material the actual chemistry of which need not concern us. Purified copies of the biological specimen are then injected into a “starting lane” at one end of the gel. Finally, a weak electric current is passed through the gel for a specified amount of time. Gravity and the electric current cause the biological molecules to migrate to the opposite end of the gel. The extent to which any molecule moves depends upon its electrical charge, molecular weight, the viscosity of the gel, the strength of the current, and the amA. The simplest method to denature DNA is to h33///////////////////////(http://psych.colorado.edu/~carey/hgss/hgsschapters/HGSS_Chapter07.pdf) # cited
