Which recent discovery led to a new understanding of how genetic mutations increase the risk of cancer?

Pleeeaaaseee helppp meeeee

Lemur [1.5K]

Answer:

1. Fossils

2. Evolution

3. vestigial

4. analogous

5.Homologous

6.Embryology

6 0

3 years ago

While hiking, you must push aside thick branches that are near your face. One of them rips the skin on your arm and you begin to

matrenka [14]

Answer:

While hiking, you must push aside thick branches that are near your face. One of them rips the skin on your arm and you begin to bleed from the cut. Which of the following plays an important role in initially protecting you from infection?

The answer to the question is option D (barriers such as dead skin cells and mucus because they are part of the innate immune system)

Explanation:

Hiking which is a way to stay physically active can simply be explained as an engage in a leisure-like activity, to walk a long distance or for exercise.

Innate immunity is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates, is composed of physical, chemical and cellular defenses against pathogens, such as skin, chemicals in the blood, and immune system cells that attack foreign cells in the body immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body.

The innate immune system relies on the recognition of particular types of molecules that are common to many pathogens but are absent in the host.

Innate immunity, is something already present in the body which is activated against a specific type of antigen, and the immunity remains throughout the life.

An example of Innate immunity, is the white blood cells fighting bacteria.

Innate Immunity action is usually rapid, and the first line of defense against non-self pathogens is the innate immune response.

Innate type of immunity is generally inherited from parents and passed to offspring.

The main purpose of the innate immune response is to immediately prevent the spread and movement of foreign pathogens throughout the body.

Therefore, during the first critical hours and days of exposure to a new pathogen, the body rely on the innate immune system to protect it from infection.

The skin and other epithelial surfaces, provide a physical barrier between the inside of the body and the outside world.

The mucus layer also contains substances that kill pathogens or inhibit their growth.

Microorganisms do occasionally breach the epithelial barricades. It is then the innate immune system that recognizes and destroy them, without harming the host.

3 0

3 years ago

What are some advantages and disadvantages of long femur lengths (crickets)?

MrRa [10]

Answer and Explanation:

In crickets, femur length represents a highly important trait associated with jumping performance - an essential behavior for their survival and reproduction.

According to research, these are the possible advantages and disadvantages in regard to long femur length:

Advantages

Longer legs [may] provide higher power for the muscles in order to jump.
Long-legged crickets generate lower reaction forces while performing a jump, which enables them to lose less energy in comparison with crickets with shorter femur length.

Disadvantages

Longer femurs may increase the total take-off time of a cricken prior to a jump.
In some cases, longer femurs force insects to develop head or body structures to enable them to 'fit' the legs while they prepare to jump.
Increased energy loss while jumping from an elevated leaf.

5 0

3 years ago

The effect of disorder of checkpoints proteins and cell cycle regulation<br> I need help!!!!!!???

Reika [66]

Answer:

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Identify important checkpoints in cell division

Explain how errors in cell division are related to cancer

The length of the cell cycle is highly variable, even within the cells of a single organism. In humans, the frequency of cell turnover ranges from a few hours in early embryonic development, to an average of two to five days for epithelial cells, and to an entire human lifetime spent in G0 by specialized cells, such as cortical neurons or cardiac muscle cells. There is also variation in the time that a cell spends in each phase of the cell cycle. When fast-dividing mammalian cells are grown in culture (outside the body under optimal growing conditions), the length of the cycle is about 24 hours. In rapidly dividing human cells with a 24-hour cell cycle, the G1 phase lasts approximately nine hours, the S phase lasts 10 hours, the G2 phase lasts about four and one-half hours, and the M phase lasts approximately one-half hour. In early embryos of fruit flies, the cell cycle is completed in about eight minutes. The timing of events in the cell cycle is controlled by mechanisms that are both internal and external to the cell.

Explanation:

Regulation of the Cell Cycle by External Events

Both the initiation and inhibition of cell division are triggered by events external to the cell when it is about to begin the replication process. An event may be as simple as the death of a nearby cell or as sweeping as the release of growth-promoting hormones, such as human growth hormone (HGH). A lack of HGH can inhibit cell division, resulting in dwarfism, whereas too much HGH can result in gigantism. Crowding of cells can also inhibit cell division. Another factor that can initiate cell division is the size of the cell; as a cell grows, it becomes inefficient due to its decreasing surface-to-volume ratio. The solution to this problem is to divide.

Whatever the source of the message, the cell receives the signal, and a series of events within the cell allows it to proceed into interphase. Moving forward from this initiation point, every parameter required during each cell cycle phase must be met or the cycle cannot progress.

Regulation at Internal Checkpoints

It is essential that the daughter cells produced be exact duplicates of the parent cell. Mistakes in the duplication or distribution of the chromosomes lead to mutations that may be passed forward to every new cell produced from an abnormal cell. To prevent a compromised cell from continuing to divide, there are internal control mechanisms that operate at three main cell cycle checkpoints. A checkpoint is one of several points in the eukaryotic cell cycle at which the progression of a cell to the next stage in the cycle can be halted until conditions are favorable. These checkpoints occur near the end of G1, at the G2/M transition, and during metaphase

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4 0

2 years ago

The building blocks of proteins are

Anastaziya [24]

Answer:

amino acids

Explanation:

The building blocks of proteins are amino acids, which are small organic molecules that consist of an alpha (central) carbon atom linked to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable component called a side chain.

Hope this helps :)

5 0

3 years ago