Answer: One of the principles of hierarchy is a clear <u>vertical </u>chain of command.
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When the price at which items are sold exceeds what it costs businesses to produce those goods, there is a producer surplus. The region to the left of the quantity sold, below the price, and above the supply curve is known as the producer surplus.
Consumer surplus is represented by a horizontal line drawn between the y-axis and demand curve and is defined as the region below the downward-sloping demand curve, or the amount a consumer is prepared to spend for certain quantities of an item, and above the actual market price of the good.
Producer surplus decreases when the equilibrium price falls. The producer surplus is intimately correlated with changes in the demand curve. Producer surplus rises as demand rises. Reduced demand results in reduced producer surplus.
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