Answer:
E = 0 r <R₁
Explanation:
If we use Gauss's law
Ф = ∫ E. dA = 
/ ε₀
in this case the charge is distributed throughout the spherical shell and as we are asked for the field for a radius smaller than the radius of the spherical shell, therefore, THERE ARE NO CHARGES INSIDE this surface.
Consequently by Gauss's law the electric field is ZERO
E = 0 r <R₁
An element is composed of millions of atoms and a compound is composed of molecules. When an atom reacts with another atom, a molecule is formed.
For example, if sodium reacts with chloride, it forms sodium chloride (Common salt). Here, sodium and chloride are elements and sodium chloride is a molecule. In this way, millions of atoms of sodium reacts with chloride and forms common salt.
Again, when the common salt is mixed with other compounds such as water, it forms a mixture.
the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages.
That's called an "acceleration" or "slowing down".
