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3 years ago

In a particular year, the United States had a national debt of 1.1 x 1013 U.S. dollars.

Mathematics

1 answer:

kolezko [41]3 years ago

4 0

The answer is to your question is 100:1

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For each of the following, use logic laws to decide whether the statement is a tautology contradiction, or neither. a (a) (A B)

spayn [35]

Answer:

The statement $(A\rightarrow \lnot B)\land (B\rightarrow A)$ is a contingency.

The statement $(P\rightarrow \lnot P)\land P$ is a contradiction.

Step-by-step explanation:

A tautology is a proposition that is always true.

A contradiction is a proposition that is always false.

A contingency is a proposition that is neither a tautology nor a contradiction.

a) To classify the statement $(A\rightarrow \lnot B)\land (B\rightarrow A)$ , you need to use the logic laws as follows:

$(A\rightarrow \lnot B)\land (B\rightarrow A) \equiv$

$\equiv (\lnot A \lor\lnot B)\land(\lnot B \lor A)$ by the logical equivalence involving conditional statement.

$\equiv (\lnot B\lor \lnot A )\land(\lnot B \lor A)$ by the Commutative law.

$\equiv \lnot B \lor (\lnot A \land A)$ by Distributive law.

$\equiv \lnot B \lor (A \land \lnot A)$ by the Commutative law.

$\equiv \lnot B \lor F$ by the Negation law.

Therefore the statement $(A\rightarrow \lnot B)\land (B\rightarrow A)$ is a contingency.

b) To classify the statement $(P\rightarrow \lnot P)\land P$ , you need to use the logic laws as follows:

$(P\rightarrow \lnot P)\land P \equiv$

$\equiv (\lnot P \lor \lnot P)\land P$ by the logical equivalence involving conditional statement.

$\equiv P \land (\lnot P \lor \lnot P)$ by the Commutative law.

$\equiv (P \land \lnot P) \lor (P \land \lnot P)$ by Distributive law.

$\equiv F \lor F \equiv F$ by the Negation law.

Therefore the statement $(P\rightarrow \lnot P)\land P$ is a contradiction.

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Answer:

Step-by-step explanation:

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Step-by-step explanation:

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