Question

Nation-states are very much like organisms. They are born, they grow, they need nourishment, and they eventually decline and die. However, unlike natural organisms, nation-states can actually be reborn. This passage is summing up which geographic theory?
A) The Domino Theory
B) The Organic Theory
C) The Rimland Theory
D) The Heartland Theory
E) The Recumbent Theory

Answer 1

Answer: B) The Organic Theory

Details:

The Organic Theory of geography -- or maybe more accurately, of geopolitics -- was proposed by German geographer Friedrich Ratzel in 1897.  He suggested that nations function similarly to living organisms.  The controversial part of his theory was that the way a living organism takes in nourishment to grow and thrive, strong nations naturally will nourish and expand themselves, taking in weaker nations or cultures around them.  Ratzel coined the term "Lebensraum" (German for "living space"), which originally, in his view, meant the space for a strong nationalist culture to grow.  His writings came only a few decades after the German Empire had been reborn as the "Second Reich" (second kingdom), a renewal of the older "Holy Roman Empire" of German states as they were linked together in the medieval era.  Ratzel's ideas about "Lebensraum" later were picked up by Hitler and the Nazis as a justification for expanding German territory and taking over neighboring countries.  Germany's expansion under the Nazis as the "Third Reich" led to World War II in Europe.