Horizontal management is an organization structure in which there are very few managers, in this type of management authority is given to the employees. This makes the employees to have a sense of empowerment because they can make vital decisions without the approval of a manager.
In horizontal management, decision making happens rapidly with little or no bureaucracy. These companies tend to have a limited amount of projects on which they work, which benefits from the unstructured, open environment since the entire team communicates and share essential information on where the project is and where it is heading to.
Horizontal management is when an organization has a flat structure, meaning that there is no middle management structure between the lower staff and the executives. In such structure employee have the authority in making decision and may not need to obtain approval from the executive. The rationale behind this type of structure is to encourage teamwork and collaboration.
C) report $5,000 of hobby income and deduct nothing from AGI since Juanita does not itemize deductions.
Explanation:
After the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (HR 1, “TCJA”) from the period 2018 to 2025 the hobbies deduction is no longer valid.
Thus Juanita cannot declare any deduction. As hobbies aren't businesses. They aim for fun and entertainment not profit is not entitled to the tax deduction businesses are.
It is very important to understand what consumers want and what they expect from a brand. In order to understand costumer’s preferences and loyalty, various techniques are used from questionnaires to interview. General mills conducted focus groups and estimated the results to better understand customer’s insight by asking various questions related to preferences, taste and expectations.
