the main contribution of the austrians in the time period from 1500 to 1800 was the halting of the advances of the Ottoman Turks
The so-called "Ottomans" came into Western consciousness when they relocated from their native Central Asia to the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in Anatolia in the 13th century. In Western Anatolia, the Ottoman Turks established a beylik with Söüt as its capital under Ertugrul's rule. The chief of the nomadic Kay tribe, Ertugrul, established the first principality during the final years of the Seljuk empire. His son Osman expanded the principality, and in recognition of him, Europeans gave the people and the political system the name "Ottomans" ("Ottoman" being a corruption of "Osman"). Osman's son Orhan turned the expanding area into an empire in 1362 with the conquest of Nicaea (modern-day Znik) and the traversal of the Dardanelles.
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The Isthmus of Panama (Spanish: Istmo de Panamá), also historically known as the Isthmus of Darien (Istmo de Darién), is the narrow strip of land that lies between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, linking North and South America. It contains the country of Panama and the Panama Canal.
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One development that helped lead to the Scientific Revolution was the growth of humanism during the Renaissance. ... All of these developments—the interest in ancient Greek writings, the growth of humanism, the experiments of alchemists—came together in the early 1500s to bring about the Scientific Revolution.
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Executive branch (president), Legislative branch (senate and house of representatives), and Judicial branch (supreme court and lower courts)