D. Erasmus Darwin - competition and sexual selection as an impetus for change
Answer:
Lipid bilayer can be defined as a polar membrane, which composes two layers, made up of lipid molecules. It shows both hydrophobic (due to non-polar tails of lipid molecules) and hydrophilic (due to polar heads of lipid molecules) nature, and hence is known as of amphipathic nature.
Lipid bilayer shows selective permeability as not all molecules can cross the lipid bilayer. It can pass non-polar, small, uncharged molecules due to its hydrophobic core, such as oxygen, water, urea.
On the other hand, polar, large, or charged molecules, such as glucose, amino acids, and ions cannot pass through lipid bilayer. These molecules require transport proteins for their transport, which are embedded in lipid bilayer.
he lipid bilayer has unique properties. They are formed in sheet-like structures that contain both a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic moiety. The membrane is composed of lipids and proteins and sometimes even carbohydrates. There are two different membrane proteins in the lipid bilayer.
Energy from the sun reaches Earth by way of radiation.
The sun cannot conduct heat to the Earth directly because the two bodies are not in contact with each other. Convection is also impossible, as no medium connects the two bodies to facilitate heat flow. Instead, the sun radiates much of its energy as light of various wavelengths. Some of this radiated light is in the infrared part of the spectrum and reaches Earth as heat.
Light in the visible part of the spectrum also has the effect of warming the Earth. It does this by penetrating the atmosphere and being absorbed by the land and water. Once the Earth has absorbed all of the energy it can hold, it begins to radiate energy back toward space. This terrestrial radiation is primarily in the infrared band of the spectrum, which is absorbed by aerosols in the atmosphere. These greenhouse gases trap heat and store up the surplus energy of the Earth's allotment of solar radiation. Eventually, even the atmosphere reaches thermal saturation and radiates waste energy back out into space.
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Answer:
An electrochemical gradient of protons across the thylakoid membrane is established.
Explanation:
Asexual reproduction involves one parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and produces offspring that are genetically unique.
