During the <em>English civil war</em>, England left the colonies alone for a period of twenty years. While the English were fighting the colonies were free and essentially got away with anything, this included not obeying the Navigation Act of 1651.
Commerce in tobacco and materials used in shipping attached the colonies economically to England, the politics and religion also tied the colonies to England, but in general the English left the colonies to their own means. The <em>English civil war</em> demanded the colonists in America to review their place within the English domain; the colonies that were consider old colonies such as Virginia and Maryland supported the crown, while newer colonies like Massachusetts Bay tendered to favor the English Parliament. Nevertheless, during the war all colonies remained neutral, fearing that supporting either side could implicate them in the war.
Charles I's death penalty and execution in 1649 changed that neutrality. Six colonies, including Virginia, declared their loyalty to the dead monarch's son Charles II. The English Parliament replied with and Act in 1650, which levelled an economic imposition forcing them to accept the Parliaments authority. The Navigation Act of 1651 followed this imposition, pressuring the merchants in every colony to ship goods directly to England in England ships.
The Scramble for Africa refers to the period between roughly 1884 and 1914, when the European colonisers partitioned the – up to that point – largely unexplored African continent into protectorates, colonies and ‘free-trade areas’. At the time the colonisers had limited knowledge of local conditions and their primary consideration was to avoid conflict among themselves for African soil. Since no one could foresee the short-lived colonial era, the border design – which endured the wave of independence in the 1960s – had sizable long-lasting economic and political consequences. The Scramble for Africa resulted in several large countries characterised by highly heterogeneous geography and ethnically fragmented populations that limit the ability of governments to broadcast power and build state capacity.
Answer for the second
'Released from foreign war, we would probably be plunged into all the misery of anarchy and intestine war. Can we suppose that the people of the south, would submit to having the seat of Empire at Philadelphia, or New England; or that the people oppressed by a change of government, contrasting their misery with their former happy state, would not invite Britain to reassume the sovereignty.” — James Chalmers, Plain Truth, 1776
If the one above is the argument, you might consider that the colonists did obtain independence from England. That by itself was something that Chalmers always thought to be impossible without serious repercussions. He used to say that in the case of achieving freedom, America would just end up being attacked and maybe even colonized by some other country. What happened, thought, was that after the revolution, other countries gained respect for America as an opponent and the country was eventually left to be.
The foundation of Jim Crow laws was that the "African Americans are culturally and intellectually inferior to white people."
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