Answer:
A: Antibonding molecular orbitals are higher in energy than all of the bonding molecular orbitals.
Explanation:
Molecular orbital theory describes <u>covalent bonds in terms of molecular orbitals</u>, which result from interaction of the atomic orbitals of the bonding atoms and are associated with the entire molecule.
A bonding molecular orbital has lower energy and greater stability than the atomic orbitals from which it was formed. An antibonding molecular orbital has higher energy and lower stability than the atomic orbitals from which it was formed.
Electrons in the antibonding molecular orbital have higher energy (and less stability) than they would have in the isolated atoms. On the other hand, electrons in the bonding molecular orbital have less energy (and hence greater stability) than they would have in the isolated atoms.
Answer:
Explanation:
To determine whether a covalent compound contains polar bonds you must deal with dipole moments and symmetry.
If a molecule has dipole moments and the charge is not symmetrically distributed then the covalent ompound is polar.
This is the analysis for the given compounds.
- First of all, AlCl₃ is an ionic compound, because the difference of electronegativities between Al (a metal) and Cl (a nonmetal) atoms is large enough to gender the formation of ions.
- CO₂: since C and O are two nonmetals, with different electronegativities, each C=O bond is polar. Nevertheless, it is a planar molecule (its geometry is O = C = 0) , so the molecule is completely symmetric, and the dipole moments of each C=O pair are cancelled. So, this is not a polar molecule.
- The structure of OCl₂ is similar to that of water (H₂O). So, it is not planar but bended. The bent geometry is due to the lone pairs on the oxygen. Also, due to steric repulsion between the relatively large chlorine atoms the bond angle is a bit larger than the normal angle. While for the H₂O molecules the bond angle is about 104.45°, it is about 110.9° for OCl₂. Then, being it bended, the dipole moment do not cancel and the molecule is polar.
'cause alphe-particle which was +ve charge, get repulsion from the atom, so he deducted that.......
Inefficiency of the material or engine causes the output work of a machine to be less
than the input work. It is governed by the second law of thermodynamics wherein
no product of work can produce 100 percent efficiency. Only the Carnot engine
can produce a 100 percent effieciency.