Answer:
If John stops leaving his room in a mess in the future, then losing his wallet has functioned as a negative punishment.
Explanation:
- Punishment is taking something that someone likes from them in order to reduce instances of occurrence of a certain unwanted behavior.
- Negative punishment is therefore the occurrence of a disliked consequence as a result of an unwanted action.
- In the above instance, John losing his wallet is negative, but it achieves a consequent desired behavior of self organization.
The country is the third largest in the world by total wealth. Japan has the highest ratio of public debt to GDP of any developed nation.
Answer: Ultramares corporation v. Touche established Ultramares doctrine. Hochfelder v. Ernst & Ernst ruled that scienter is required before CPAs can be held liable.
Explanation:
All the options except the above are true. Ultramares corporation v. Touche did establish the Ultramares doctrine.
United States v. Natelli sentenced two CPAs to prison for a year, in addition to fines, for violating the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Bily v. Arthur Young did not uphold the restatement doctrine. The restatement doctrine restatement doctrine makes an auditor liable to people who rely on the quality of his work be they his clients or third parties. Two high courts ruled that auditors are not liable to third parties who use their work but only to the party that contracted their work.
However, Hochfelder v. Ernst & Ernst ruled that an allegation of scienter (an intention to deceive) is not required before CPAs can be held liable as long as the actions constitute actual deception.
While rule 10b-5 of the Exchange Act states the presence of scienter as a requirement to commit an offense, the court ruled against the statute by eliminating the Scienter clause from criminal statute and ruled against Ernst & Ernst.
