Answer:
Owner's withdrawals:______.
a) decrease owner's equity.
Explanation:
The withdrawals made by the owner of an entity reduces his or her equity interest in the entity. Owner's withdrawals are transfers of cash from the business to its owner. They are not expenses of the business and do not appear in the income statement. Instead, withdrawals may occur when an organization is spinning off extra cash or when the owner has an immediate personal need for the funds. The forms of business organizations that allow for withdrawals by the owners are the partnership and the sole proprietorship.
Answer:
0.097 OR 9.7%
Explanation:
Cost of Equity using CAPM-
Re = Rf + Beta (Rpm)
where,
Rf = Risk free return = 6%,
Rpm = Risk premium = 4%,
Beta = 0.9
Therefore,
Re = .06 + .9 (.04)
= 9.6%
Unlevered cost of equity:
ReU = Wd × rd + We × re
where,
ReU = Unlevered cost of equity,
Wd = Debt = 20%
rd = cost of debt = 8%
We = equity = 80%
re = cost of equity = 9.6%
Therefore,
ReU = 0.20 × 8% + .80 × 9.6%
= 9.28%
Levered cost of Equity:
New Debt = 60%,
New Equity = 40%,
New rd = 9%
ReL = ReU + (ReU - rd) (D ÷ E)
= 9.28% + (9.28% - 9%) (0.60 ÷ 0.40)
= 0.097 OR 9.7%
Answer:
Companies can achieve economies of scale by increasing production and lowering costs. This happens because costs are spread over a larger number of goods. Costs can be both fixed and variable. ... The larger the business, the more the cost savings.
Based on the scenario above, when this happens, the customer
is likely to be engaging or to have a traded down. The trading down is being
defined as having the quality of the product to be reduced in means of being
able for the price to be suited for its consumers.
