By arguing that sea power—the strength of a nation’s navy—was the key to strong foreign policy, Alfred Thayer Mahan shaped American military planning and helped prompt a worldwide naval race in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Mahan studied at Columbia for two years beginning in 1854—he was a member of the Philolexian Society, the campus literary club established in 1802—before decamping for Annapolis, from which he graduated in 1859. A longtime naval officer who cut his teeth on the Union side in the Civil War, Mahan eventually lectured on history and strategy at the Naval War College in Newport, R.I. It was there, inspired in part by a history of Rome, that he began developing his theories; in 1890 he turned his lecture notes into The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783.
If you are handcuffed, you are under arrest. Miranda rights, however, apply only to questioning. If you were not questioned, or made statements voluntarily before being handcuffed, the fact that you were not read your rights is not grounds for a dismissal.
Why was it so hard to make peace? ... The terms of the Treaty of Versailles were announced in June 1919. ... They complained bitterly, but the Allies did not take any notice of their complaints. Germany had very little choice but to sign the Treaty. The main ... Other historians believe the Treaty was a disastrous half measure.
