In short, I believe Darwin's theory was controversial in the 1800s because it contradicted the biblical view of creation.
(Sorry for the shortness.)
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Some of the reforms the young turks demanded were,
d) right to vote, and c) free public education.
I think that the colonists split from England because their freedom was diminished, I believe that the colonists also wanted spiritual freedom and social freedom, also England was pretty crowded and loaded with disease. After the revolution, they did receive what they wanted.
