Protection and seed dispersal
The question is incomplete. Th ecomplete question is as following:
All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection EXCEPT
A) multiple layers of cells.
B) tears.
C) saliva.
D) HCl.
E) the "ciliary escalator."
Answer: D) HCl.
Explanation:
- The epidermis, the outer layer of the skin provides waterproofing and serves as a barrier to infection and other laers also sustain any type of injury.
- Tears wash out foreign bodies which enter the eye. In addition, tears contain a substance called lysozyme which has an antibacterial function and works to prevent microbial invasion and infection.
- Saliva protects against infection, especially via the innate immune system. This mechanism is an important first-line protection against bacterial and viral infection
- The mucociliar escalator is within the conducting airways and is composed of mucus and cilia that transfer the mucus up and out of the lungs where it can be removed by coughing or swallowing,
Whereas HCL helps in the digestion process.
Hence, the correct option is D.
Depending on whether the animals are in nature or in a home environment, the factors that contribute to animals being exposed to toxins are man-made. Factories contaminate air and water. Combustion from engines pollutes the air. Garbage that is disposed contaminates the air, water and land. Often times, the lure of food for any animal, is what brings the animal into closer human contact, thus increasing the exposure to toxins. For a pet, the home environment and the decisions the pet owner takes to have chemicals like cleaners, fertilizers or pesticides and like motor oil increase exposure to toxins.
Individuals can prevent exposure for themselves and their pets by decreasing the use of motor vehicles, reducing the amount of garbage and trash produced, being a informed consumer who attempts to purchase more organic, Earth and animal friendly goods and services. Boycott corporations which contribute to the decline of the environment and increase exposure to these toxins. Other simpler ways, in environments with smog or other industrial pollutants, wearing clothing that covers most of the body, including breathing masks, gloves and glasses or goggles.
When antibiotics kill too many good bacteria in the digestive tract fecal transplants can help replenish bacterial balance
. Astral microtubules anchor the spindle poles<span> to the cell membrane.</span>
