Prejudice is a major cause of in-groups as similar minded people, with alike prejudices, might join to form a clique. Some consider cliques to be a social norm, and to "fit in", they feel compelled to join one. Scapegoating a common tactic used by mobs to blame one, or a few individuals, even if there isn't sufficient evidence to prove guiltiness. Equal status contract explains why people form cliques and why they can act hostile to others, but not to people in their "group". Using attribution theory, one can model a situation to determine the causes of actions and behaviors.
Expectations not exceptions
B. Faldo a theory and a law are already both supported by evidence and are equal but they have different functions
