The right option is; c. a salinity of less than 1%
Freshwater biomes have a salinity of less than 1%
The freshwater biome is a large community of plant and animals that live in water bodies with a salinity of less than 1%. Fresh water biomes include streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, and some wetlands. The fresh water biomes cover about 20% of the earth and they contain several species of fish and animals such as frogs, crocodiles and turtles.
The cells of animals, plants, and fungi, as well as those of algae and other protists, all engage in cellular respiration.
- Cellular respiration is the process that all living things use to convert organic molecules into energy.
- The chemical process that breaks down food molecules to produce adenosine triphosphate, which is used for energy, is known as cellular respiration (ATP). As a result, organisms can now use energy from food molecules to perform everyday tasks.
- Oxygen is normally present when cells respire. This is called aerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is absent or present in very small amounts.
- Anaerobic respiration is essential to the life of some organisms, including many bacteria. Yeast and some bacteria use an anaerobic respiration process known as fermentation. The cellular respiration equation describes the process by which glucose molecules combine with oxygen to produce energy.
Therefore, all most all organisms use cellular respiration.
Learn more about cellular respiration:
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Answer/Explanation:
(1) a mutation in the coding region, resulting in an inactive protein
To check to see if there is a mutation, you could extract the DNA from the cancer cells and then perform PCR to amplify the gene of interest. You could then perform sanger sequencing and compare the sequence to the normal gene to see if a mutation is present. To test the effect of the mutation, you would want to see if an active protein has been formed.
To see if a normal sized protein has been formed, you could perform a western blot, comparing the protein band to the WT protein band. If the protein is absent or much smaller, it is likely not a functional protein.
(2) epigenetic silencing at the promoter of the gene, resulting in reduced transcription.
To check for changes in the epigenetic landscape of the promoter, you could perform chromatin immunoprecipitation by extracting the chromatin from the tumour cells and using antibodies for different chromatin marks to see what has changed between the normal cells and the tumor cells. E.g. H3K9me3, H3K27me3. You would perform a pull down with the antibody of interest and then PCR for your promoter to specifically look at changes at that gene compared to normal cells. To test DNA methylation, you could perform bisulfite sequencing.
To see how transcription is affected, you could extract RNA from the tumor and normal cells, and compare the levels of RNA between the two samples by qRT-PCR
