When a microbe that is not part of the normal biota enters the body, it is likely to first encounter first line of host defense.
The term "normal microbiota" describes the microorganisms that are present in every human's conjunctiva, oral mucosa, skin's surface and deeper layers, saliva, and gastrointestinal tracts. The host employs a number of defences to defend against infection.
Mucus, which has a variety of normal microbiota that compete with and may even destroy invasive bacteria and virae, is one of the body's first lines of defence.Once a virus or bacteria penetrates the skin and mucosa, the host may experience changes that lessen the invader's power. A fever is one instance of such a shift.
Therefore, When a microbe that is not part of the normal biota enters the body, it is likely to first encounter first line of host defense.
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Answer: a peptide containing alternating arginines and alanines.
Explanation:
As the mRNA has a repeating unit of CGCG.
Now if we extend the units with more CG (CGCGCGCGCGCG) the pairing will be as CGC-GCG-CGC-GCG. and if we see the amino acids coded by these codons are arginine for CGC and alanine for GCG.
As this synthetic mRNA doesn't require any initiation codon (AUG) thus the polypeptide will not have methionine, which is the first amino acid in every polypeptide coded by the initiation codon.
Thus, the synthetic mRNA will code for peptide having alternating arginines and alanines amino acids.
Answer: C. Above the kingdom level
Explanation:
Hierarchical classification can be defined as the system of grouping living beings according to the level or orders. Domain secures the highest taxonomic rank in the biological hierarchical classification system. This lies above the Kingdom level. The life forms are classified into three domains, which are Archea, Eukarya and Bacteria.
Answer:
Yes, two hydrogen bonds could form between thymine and cytosine.
Explanation:
Cytosine is a pyrimidine base found in both DNA and RNA, and Thymine is a pyrimidine base found in only DNA. Electronegative Oxygen and Nitrogen atoms with free lone pairs are potential hydrogen bond acceptors. Hydrogen atoms attached to very electronegative atoms like Oxygen and Nitrogen have strong partial positive charge and are potential hydrogen bond donors.
One hydrogen bond could form between the C4 carbonyl group on thymine which is a hydrogen bond acceptor and the C4 amino group on cytosine which is a hydrogen bond donor. Also, another hydrogen bond could be formed between N3 of thymine which is a hydrogen bond donor and the N3 of cytosine that is a hydrogen bond acceptor.
It is important to note that hydrogen bond cannot be formed between them because the C2 carbonyl groups found on both bases are both hydrogen bond acceptors.
Answer:
B: Hyperosmotic solutions may cause the cell to shrink.
Explanation:
