The major physical feature that the pioneers crossing West had to contend with were the Rocky and Sierra Nevada Mountains.
These mountain ranges were treacherous and many died trying to find passages to cross.
Becuase of their skin color Afircan Americans were taken over and made into slaves. A long time later they were freed; however, they still experienced racism. Because of that, Afircan Americans lived under discrimination for many years until being sort-of excepted. Afircan Americans are still experiencing discrimination, but the severity has decreased majorly.
Pretty much full religious freedom, as long the subjects worshipped Roman Gods. Jews were excused from worshipping Roman Gods.