Answer:
b) blastic red blood cell (RBC).
Explanation:
In excess of 340 blood group antigens have now been described that vary between individuals. Thus, any unit of blood that is nonautologous represents a significant dose of alloantigen. Most blood group antigens are proteins, which differ by a single amino acid between donors and recipients. Approximately 1 out of every 70 individuals are transfused each year (in the United States alone), which leads to antibody responses to red blood cell <u>(RBC) alloantigens</u> in some transfusion recipients. When alloantibodies are formed, in many cases, RBCs expressing the antigen in question can no longer be safely transfused. However, despite chronic transfusion, only 3% to 10% of recipients (in general) mount an alloantibody response. In some disease states, rates of alloimmunization are much higher (eg, sickle cell disease). For patients who become alloimmunized to multiple antigens, ongoing transfusion therapy becomes increasingly difficult or, in some cases, impossible. While alloantibodies are the ultimate immune effector of humoral alloimmunization, the cellular underpinnings of the immune system that lead to ultimate alloantibody production are complex, including antigen consumption, antigen processing, antigen presentation, T-cell biology.
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Comparing patients with CP to a community-based reference population, they have significantly lower QOL. Constant pain, opioid-based pain management, and alcohol aetiology are all independently linked to lower QOL. These variables only partially account for QOL, hence other variables must be found.
<h3>What is Chronic pancreatitis ?</h3>
Chronic inflammation causes the ducts to scar and fibrose, which damages several structures permanently and impairs the secretory processes. A pancreatic inflammatory condition that worsens over time and compromises both of the organ's functions called chronic pancreatitis.
- Chronic pancreatitis cannot be cured, but the associated pain and symptoms can be controlled or even avoided. Since drinking is the main cause of chronic pancreatitis, refraining from alcohol is frequently one strategy to lessen the discomfort.
Learn more about Chronic pancreatitis here:
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