Gastric, Testing the pH of a stomach aspirate to a value of 5.5 is the first-line diagnostic to assure correct nasogastric tube insertion and reduce the danger of potentially fatal aspiration.
Adult patients who had bronchoscopy or gastroscopy and had two (one fresh and one frozen) bronchial and esophageal samples or two bronchial and salivary samples each were included in this prospective observational study.
Kappa (k) statistics were used to determine the level of observer agreement for the pH of fresh and frozen samples. To distinguish between gastric and non-gastric aspirates, the sensitivities and specificities at pH 5.5 and the area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve at various pH cut-offs were computed.97 individuals underwent a gastroscopy, and 106 underwent a bronchoscopy. In 57/92 (62%) of the paired fresh and frozen stomach samples, there was total agreement between the observers (k=0.496, 95% CI 0.364 to 0.627).
The specificity of a pH 5.5 was 79% (95% CI 74 to 84), while the sensitivity of a pH 5.5 to accurately identify stomach samples was 68% (95% CI 57 to 77). Regardless of whether patients were using antacids or not, the overall accuracy to correctly categorize samples was between 76% and 77%. At various pH cut-offs, the ROC curve's area under the curve was 0.74.
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Answer: a. too much acetylcholine staying in the neuromuscular junction for too long
Explanation:
Sarin is a gaseous organophosphate. This gas is used for chemical warfare. This affects the nervous system of the body. The gas if inhaled can cause death within minutes.
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter molecule. It is released from the pre-synaptic neurons that binds to the acetylcholine receptors.
The gas sarin will target the enzyme acetylcholinesterase present in the neuromuscular junction of the body where the nerves actually meet the muscles. The enzyme degrades nerve signaling molecule acetylcholine. Thus when the sarin degrades the enzyme the levels of acetylcholine will rise up in the blood. The acetylcholine remain in the neuromuscular junction. The acetylcholine will stimulate the nerve cell receptors. Excess of acetylcholine will cause excessive twitching and may lead to paralysis.
September 22, 2014 at 5:10AM.
33 degrees C= 91.4 degrees F.
Assuming that she had a normal 98.6 temperature .Based on the info given 1.5 degrees of temperature lost per hour.
1.5 x 4 hours = 6 degrees lost. An additional 50 min would be 7.2 degrees lost.
10:00AM - 4 hours 50 min = 5:10AM
Answer:
With chemicals and atoms.
Explanation:
Atoms gooood and chemicals the good kind (medicine).
