Answer:
DNA sequences use the nucleotides A, T, G, and C, while mRNA sequences use the nucleotides A, U, G, and C.
It was easier to decode the messages written in mRNA sequences because these sequences could be translated directly into the amino acid sequence.
The cellular enzyme that carries out transcription is RNA polymerase.
The cellular machine that carries out translation is the ribosome, which is composed of both rRNA and ribosomal proteins.
In a eukaryotic cell, an mRNA transcript often has additional untranslated regions and a poly-A tail. A eukaryotic mRNA transcript would need to be transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm before it could be translated.
Some amino acids are encoded by several codons. If a single nucleotide mutation still encodes for the same amino acid, the resulting amino acid sequence would not be affected. This happens most often with nucleotides in the third position of a codon.
If a single nucleotide mutation changes the amino acid encoded, the resulting amino acid sequence would be affected. This happens most often with nucleotides in the first and second positions of a codon.
Nucleotide insertions and deletions cause frameshift mutations, which change the reading frame of translation and will encode completely different amino acids from that point forward.
There are only 20 canonical amino acids, so the letters B, J, O, U, X, and Z are not used as one-letter codes.
It was a little difficult to not use the letters B, J, O, U, X, and Z at first, but there are messages to write without these six letters.
Explanation:
