Answer:
The probability of a white offspring is of 25%
Explanation:
To find the probability we can draw a 4-square Punnett square using the parents' alleles for the gene. If you want a more detailed explanation I would be glad to help :)
Answer:
This question appears incomplete but The correct option is the last option
Explanation:
Cell membranes are made up of a lipid/phospholipid bilayer in which each layer consists of an hydrophilic head (water loving) and a hydrophobic tail (water fearing). The hydrophobic tail of each layer is oriented inward and the hydrophilic heads are oriented outward so the cell can interact with water molecules inside (the cytoplasm) and outside the cell environment. This orientation forms a critical part of the function of the cell membrane that makes it a selectively permeable barrier that regulates what goes in and out of the cell.
The publication about the effect of orthodontic forces on cytokine and receptor levels in gingival fluid investigates how this treatment can increase inflammation.
<h3>What are cytokines?</h3>
Cytokines are molecules of the immune system that act during different types of immune responses, especially in inflammatory pathways.
Cytokines are mainly secreted by helper T immune cells (T cells) and macrophages.
In this case, the publication above mentioned uses different cytokine biomarkers to test inflammatory responses after orthodontic treatment (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, etc).
In conclusion, the publication about the effect of orthodontic forces on cytokine and receptor levels in gingival fluid investigates how this treatment can increase inflammation.
Learn more about cytokines here:
brainly.com/question/17215490
#SPJ1
Answer:
Decomposers recycle essential nutrients back into an ecosystem
Explanation:
An ecosystem works thanks to the constant transformation of energy. The role of the decomposers will be to transform energy into something useful in the ecosystem. For example, The bacteria which will rotten the apples that fall from a tree onto the ground are recycling or making available this energy for other organisms to use it. As part of this example, the essential nutrients of the apples will be available to be reabsorved by the roots of the apple tree thanks to the transformation of energy done by the bacteria in the apples.
