A I think but can you get a better picture of the questions
Answer:
Hepato- and nephrotoxicity of fluoride have been demonstrated in animals, but few studies have examined potential effects in humans. This population-based study examines the relationship between chronic low-level fluoride exposure and kidney and liver function among United States (U.S.) adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate whether greater fluoride exposure is associated with altered kidney and liver parameters among U.S. youth.
This cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2016). We analyzed data from 1983 and 1742 adolescents who had plasma and water fluoride measures respectively and did not have kidney disease. Fluoride was measured in plasma and household tap water. Kidney parameters included estimated glomerular filtration rate (calculated by the original Schwartz formula), serum uric acid, and the urinary albumin to creatinine ratio. Liver parameters were assessed in serum and included alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and albumin. Survey-weighted linear regression examined relationships between fluoride exposure and kidney and liver parameters after covariate adjustment. A Holm-Bonferroni correction accounted for multiple comparisons.
The average age of adolescents was 15.4 years. Median water and plasma fluoride concentrations were 0.48 mg/L and 0.33 μmol/L respectively. A 1 μmol/L increase in plasma fluoride was associated with a 10.36 mL/min/1.73 m2 lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (95% CI: −17.50, −3.22; p = 0.05), a 0.29 mg/dL higher serum uric acid concentration (95% CI: 0.09, 0.50; p = 0.05), and a 1.29 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95%CI: −1.87, −0.70; p < 0.001). A 1 mg/L increase in water fluoride was associated with a 0.93 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95% CI: −1.44, −0.42; p = 0.007).
Fluoride exposure may contribute to complex changes in kidney and liver related parameters among U.S. adolescents. As the study is cross-sectional, reverse causality cannot be ruled out; therefore, altered kidney and/or liver function may impact bodily fluoride absorption and metabolic processes.
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Answer:
Cuando la célula madre se divide varias veces de forma consecutiva y los núcleos se rodean del citoplasma dentro de ella, es una reproducción tipo: <u>esporulación</u>.
Explanation:
En la reproducción asexual, un solo ser origina nuevos individuos iguales entre si e iguales a su progenitor. Este tipo de reproducción es común en ciertos invertebrados, en las bacterias y en los protozoarios. La esporulación es uno de los tipos de reproducción asexual, esta consiste en varias divisiones del núcleo que se envuelve de fragmentos citoplasmáticos, originando muchos descendientes genéricamente idénticos. Dicha reproducción permite la formación de esporas y la liberación de las mismas cuando las paredes de la célula se rompen. Se observa en ciertas especies de protozoarios.
Answer:
Reflected ray
Explanation:
The angle between a reflected ray and the normal drawn at the point of incidence to a reflecting surface is the angle of reflection.
