Answer:
Negative reinforcement
Explanation:
In psychology and classical and operant conditioning, the term reinforcement refers to a stimulus that increases the chances that a certain behavior is repeated in the future. In other words, it refers to something that makes the behavior be more frequent.
However, there are 2 different types of reinforcement:
- Positive reinforcement: It consists in <u>presenting</u> a desired stimulus that will increase the chances that the behavior is repeated.
- Negative reinforcement: It consists in <u>retiring</u> an undesired stimulus that will increase the chances that the behavior is repeated (for example, the beeping in the car when we don't use the seatbelt is a negative reinforcement since it is retired the moment we use the seatbelt and it is more likely that next time we'll fasten the seatbelt before to not hear the sound).
Therefore, when <u>something an individual does not like is removed (an undesired stimulus)</u> and they are more likely to <u>do the behavior again (increasing the probability of the behavior to be repeated),</u> this is known as negative reinforcement.
That's a hard one to answer but from all my reading it would seem there was one main reason. The Berbers were nomads so they never were able to be collectively together to form an army against invaders. Therefore, the Berbers were constantly being conquered by someone. Each time they had to learn new laws set out by the conquerors. When the Arabs came with their mighty army, they knew they couldn't fight so giving in was in an odd way a protection system of kinds.
Kaiser William II continued a few of them by adding social welfare programs, built up army and navy and Bismarck’s foreign policy was neglected
Explanation:
Bismarck was a Prussian office-bearer and also long served head of government of the German empire. He was successful in maintaining a peaceful foreign policy with Europe for two decades but his domestic policies were less popular. After William II Kaiser was formally coroneted to be the monarch of German empire, he asked old chancellor, Bismarck to step down from the office which led to his down fall.
William II who was young and an ambitious monarch clutched the reins of the German foreign policy. He was considered to be a great king but not a skilled politician. William II considered Bismarck Foreign policies to be of a little value and adopted more aggressive and dynamic foreign policies in order to capture the attention of world politics.
Later, when the colonists won independence, these colonies became the 13 original states. Each colony had its own government, but the British king controlled these governments.
