Answer:
Here are the major dynasties in the history of Ancient China:
Xia (2205 to 1575 BC) - The first dynasty in China, very little is known about the Xia.
Shang (1570 to 1045 BC) - The Shang ruled much of the area along the Yellow River. Their last capital city was the great city of Yin.
Zhou (1045 to 256 BC) - The longest ruling dynasty in the history of China, the Zhou first used the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Much of the land was ruled by feudal lords who were relatives of the Zhou family.
Qin (221 BC to 206 BC) - The beginning of the Chinese Empire, Shi Huangdi became the first Chinese Emperor. Although this was a short dynasty much was accomplished including the beginning of the Great Wall; standards were set for weights, measures, and money; many roads and canals were built; and a single type of writing was used throughout the country. All of these advancements would be used in future dynasties to make China strong.
Han (206 BC to 220 AD) - The Han dynasty established the civil service to create a strong and organized government. Paper and porcelain were also invented during this time. The Han also embraced Confucianism, poetry, and literature.
Explanation:
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... frustrations with how independence had led to situations where caudillos (authoritarian leaders) rose to power.
Bolivar had wanted a united Spanish America, a great nations, but the wars of independence had tended to result in charismatic military rulers leading their own countries in authoritarian ways -- what we today would call dictators.
A French<span> nobleman- he favored moderate reform and </span>helped<span> to draw the Declarations of the Rights of Man. - Came to conflict in the Radical </span>revolutionaries<span> but was arrested and spent 5 </span>years<span> in prison until Napoleon's rule</span>
Answer: the Byzantines were able to maintain their main areas. There were no attacks by tribal or pastoral people on Anatolia or Egypt, and just a few in the Black Sea region. For the most part the Byzantine Empire was not an expansionist empire, and this gave it more stability.
The tax system and the bureaucracy were already in place, and the bureaucracy acted as a check on the nobility. It was good way for them to earn reputation by serving in the government. Under Justinian, a law code was created. It came directly from the emperor, establishing him as the ultimate authority on justice. This was an important check on the power of the nobility as well , helping to keep them from growing powerful enough to attempt to take over the central government. It gave the imperial office a lot of authority and prestige.
Outside of Constantinople we see evidence of a strong agricultural economy. Although there were many large urban areas, the vast majority of the empire was made up of agricultural villages. They were the primary tax source and they supplied grain and agricultural products to the urban populations. At the same time, the Byzantines were the best economy in the region. They were the major trading power in the Mediterranean. They produced goods like textiles (especially silk), jewelry, and other crafts, but they also acted as the middleman for trade between east and west.
A growing cultural identity and social unity. The elements of this unity included, first and foremost, a long-lasting Roman identity. Byzantines believed they were keeping in the glorious Roman tradition, and they always presented themselves this way. Constantinople was also an important item of Byzantine unity. It was seen as the greatest city in the Mediterranean world and had overcame dozens of attacks. It was also portrayed as a whole Christian city, even if this wasn't actually true. There were lots of different kinds of Christians, plus Jews and later Muslims.
