1. The need for gold and silver made it lucrative to carry out trade with other countries
2. Mercantilism - The economic policy that emphasized the need of every nation to build as much wealth as it can in order to gain power
3. Insurance companies became more formalized as risk mitigation started gaining priority. Laws were changed to deal with insurance issues
4. free trade policies. Governments became involved themselves in trade by grant royal trade monopolies.
Answer:
James Madison is the first one. All i know sorry.
Explanation:
Lets use the process of elimination in your question
It can't be A because Lincoln wanted to end the war and have the Southern states join the union as quickly as possible and free all the slaves
It is most likely B because he doesn't really do much to punish he wants to end the war
C and D could easily be eliminated