Taiwan became important because an exile government of China was formed there that claimed to be the rightful government of China. This caused China to have two governments, one that ruled China which was the communist one and one in exile which claimed their right to have power over China but couldn't actually use that power in any way. The problem still exists today and other countries have mostly been neutral on this question.
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They believed that a society based around reason instead of religious fanaticism would improve the way people think to more critical, scientific thinking about social issues and problems.
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The British East India Company wins. Indians did not win due to power conflicts between Muslims and Hindus. It was the British rule over India.
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Explorer Ferdinand Magellan named the Pacific Ocean in the 16th Century.