A. Decreasing amount of energy needed to start a reaction.
        
             
        
        
        
Whole genes and parts of genes can be extracted from chromosomes, linked to other DNA molecules to form recombinant DNA and introduced into living cells. In a process known as gene cloning, the host cell's biochemical processes are used to make many copies of the inserted gene and the protein it codes for.
        
             
        
        
        
This reaction is called a synthesis.
        
             
        
        
        
Answer:
Muscular Dystrophy : 50%
Breast cancer: 50%
Explanation:
Muscular Dystrophy (linked to X):
 1/2 (mother) x 2/2 (father) = 2/4 (50%) chance of having an affected child with MD
Breast cancer (autosomal dominant disorder):
1/2 (mother) + 0 (father) = 1/2 = 50% chance of having an affected child with breast cancer
 
        
             
        
        
        
Answer:
The correct answer is - P = 0.45
Explanation:
The Chi-square test is a test that determines the assorted genes independently. Here p-values used to make conclusions in significance testing.
If the p value is less than the significance level we expect or choose, then this null hypothesis is rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. It p value is greater than or equal to the significance level, then we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
So in this case, as the recombination rate is 49% so the p value which satisfies the conclusion will be around 0.45 and values near to it.