The reason for the shift of mammals from the ecosystem due to increased temperatures and decreased rainfall is the change in the abiotic factors of that region.
Ecosystem is defined as how the living species of an area interact within themselves as well as the with the abiotic factors of the region.
Abiotic factors are the non-living things present in an area. These are the soil, mountains, temperature, sun, water, etc. The livelihood of a species in an area is influenced by both the living as well as the non-living factors. For example, if an organism can survive only in high rainfall then low amount of rainfall will be unfavorable condition for it to survive and grow efficiently.
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The answer to this would be layer D because temperatures in the mantle range from 500-900 degrees celsius
Answer:
In the form of bicarbonate dissolved in the plasma.
Explanation:
A large part of the carbon dioxide is transported dissolved in the plasma. And 10% of CO2 is transported as carbaminohemoglobin.
85% of CO2 Its converted to bicarbonate in the red blood cells of tissues
Take a picture of the problem. It’d be much more helpful. Sounds like a heat transfer course. I am not sure whether it is external flow over a plate surface or just natural convection is occurring. You should have some equation listed in your book dT/dy. You need to integrate that equation with respect to y to find your temperature distribution as a function of y or x or in whichever direction you are considering. The 220°C sounds like a boundary condition where T(0)=220°C. Not entirely sure what else I could give you since there is not much to go off of. Thought I’d try.