DNA is essentially a storage molecule. It contains all of the instructions a cell needs to sustain itself. These instructions are found within genes, which are sections of DNA made up of specific sequences of nucleotides. In order to be implemented, the instructions contained within genes must be expressed, or copied into a form that can be used by cells to produce the proteins needed to support life.
The instructions stored within DNA are read and processed by a cell in two steps: transcription and translation. Each of these steps is a separate biochemical process involving multiple molecules. During transcription, a portion of the cell's DNA serves as a template for creation of an RNA molecule. (RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is chemically similar to DNA, except for three main differences described later on in this concept page.) In some cases, the newly created RNA molecule is itself a finished product, and it serves an important function within the cell. In other cases, the RNA molecule carries messages from the DNA to other parts of the cell for processing. Most often, this information is used to manufacture proteins. The specific type of RNA that carries the information stored in DNA to other areas of the cell is called messenger RNA, or mRNA.
How does transcription proceed?
Transcription begins when an enzyme called RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA template strand and begins assembling a new chain of nucleotides to produce a complementary RNA strand. There are multiple types of types of RNA. In eukaryotes, there are multiple types of RNA polymerase which make the various types of RNA. In prokaryotes, a single RNA polymerase makes all types of RNA. Generally speaking, polymerases are large enzymes that work together with a number of other specialized cell proteins. These cell proteins, called transcription factors, help determine which DNA sequences should be transcribed and precisely when the transcription process should occur.
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Answer:
Ribosomes are found 'free' in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to form rough ER.
Explanation:
In a mammalian cell there can be as many as 10 million ribosomes. Several ribosomes can be attached to the same mRNA strand, this structure is called a polysome.
Answer:
Oxidative Phosphorylation
The mitochondria is one of the double membrane organelles with specialized energy-producing functions, that is, reduced nucleotides to finally form the cellular energy currency that is ATP. The 5'-triphosphate adenosine molecule (ATP) is synthesized in the inner mitochondrial membrane as a subsequent step to the electron transport chain through oxidative phosphorylation. This process takes advantage of the flow of protons or proton motive force, detected by an electrochemical differential of H +, to produce ATP through the complex V of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Together with photosynthesis, it is one of the most important energy transduction processes in the biosphere.
Oxidative phosphorylation: Synthesis of ATP
The mitochondria, in its inner membrane, is the place of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, | Mitochondrial electronic transport and oxidative phosphorylation are the mechanisms that aerobic organisms use to synthesize ATP from reduced organic molecules.
1. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
2. Force = mass times acceleration
3. An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion unless acted on by another force.
3. One example is a rock rolling down a hill. You could use a stick or your foot to stop it, but otherwise it would keep rolling
2. An example for law No.2 is pushing a shopping cart. If you push an empty shopping cart, it will go faster than a full shopping cart because the full shopping cart has more mass.
1. One example is a cup on a table. The cup exerts a force down on the table due to gravity, the table exerts an equal and opposite force on the cup to stop it falling through the table
