You are studying ion channels and have set up model lipid vesicles containing the three following transporters:
1 answer:
Answer and Explanation:
a) you will find the arrangement and ion flow of the three types of transporters in the model membranes in the attached files.
- K+ leak channels are channel proteins that allow K⁺ to leave the cell in favor of its concentration gradient. It keeps a stable equilibrium by taking out K⁺ that the 3Na+ /2K+ pump brings into the cell. Any alteration in the pump leads to an alteration in the leak channel functioning.
- Na+ /H+ antiporter is an integral membrane protein, and a secondary transporter is responsible for the interchange of H+ and Na+ through the membrane with no use of energy. It regulates pH within the cell. It responds to the Na+ and H+ concentration gradient, determined by the 3Na+ /2K+ pump. An alteration in the pump functioning produces a change in the Na gradient and consequently affects the antiporter interchange action.
- 3Na+ /2K+ pump is an integral protein that transports K+ and Na+ against the electrochemical gradient. A significant amount of energy is used to make the pump function. It brings K+ into the cell and takes Na+ out of it. It keeps the membrane potential and the electrochemical gradient constant. The pump function is associated with the leak channels and the antiporters function.
Under normal conditions, the cell interior has a lower pH than the exterior. The K+ concentration is higher in the interior, while the Na+ concentration is higher in the cell exterior. The interior of the cell is always more electronegative than the cell exterior.
b)
The drug ouabain inhibits the pump. It impedes the Na+ exit and the K+ entrance. It occurs a sharp increase in the Na+ intracellular concentration, which influences the Na+ /H+ antiporter that changes the ions´ direction, taking out Na+ and bringing in H+ to compensate the intracellular Na+ excess. There is also a decrease in the leak channel function, which does not allow K+ to leave the cell.
Whenever the pump is inhibited, there is an increase in the intracellular pH, because Na+ concentration increases in the interior.
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- Background: Human amniotic membranes (HAMs), a biological membrane with potential for cell therapy, osteogenesis, and healing, have come under the spotlight as a way to improve the results of treating bone abnormalities. The goal of the current study is to clinically evaluate the possibility of HAM loaded with stem cells from the buccal fat pad (BFSCs) as an osteogenic covering for only bone transplants to maxillomandibular bone lesions.
- Materials and methods: The current investigation included nine patients with jaw bone abnormalities. Iliac crest bone graft with HAM covering (n = 5) and iliac bone grafts coated with HAM loaded with BFSCs (n = 4) were the two study groups that the patients were divided into. Cone beam computed tomography was carried out for radio morphometric characterization five months after the grafting and before the installation of the implant.
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mm, p <
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