Answer: The correct statements are 1 and 2:
1.Self-pollination occurs when the pollen from the anther is deposited on the stigma of the same flower, or another flower on the same plant.
2.Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on a different individual of the same species.
Explanation:
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from an anthers to a receptive stigma. In most species of flowering plants, external agents bring about pollination. Also, flowers have evolved special structures and mechanisms to ensure successful pollination.
There are two types of pollination
--> Self pollination: This takes place when mature pollen grains from the anther of a flower fall on the stigma of the same flower or that of another flower on the same plant. This type of pollination brings the male gametes and egg cells of the same plant together. The resultant offspring show very little genetic variation.
--> Cross pollination: This occurs when mature pollen grains of a flower are transferred to the stigma of a flower of another plant of the same or closely related species. This brings the male gametes and egg cells of two different parent plants together. Therefore, there is greater genetic variation among the offspring.
Answer:
Results
We systematically analyze and compare how different modelling methodologies can be used to describe translation. We define various statistically equivalent codon-based simulation algorithms and analyze the importance of the update rule in determining the steady state, an aspect often neglected. Then a novel probabilistic Boolean network (PBN) model is proposed for modelling translation, which enjoys an exact numerical solution. This solution matches those of numerical simulation from other methods and acts as a complementary tool to analytical approximations and simulations. The advantages and limitations of various codon-based models are compared, and illustrated by examples with real biological complexities such as slow codons, premature termination and feedback regulation. Our studies reveal that while different models gives broadly similiar trends in many cases, important differences also arise and can be clearly seen, in the dependence of the translation rate on different parameters. Furthermore, the update rule affects the steady state solution.
Conclusions
The codon-based models are based on different levels of abstraction. Our analysis suggests that a multiple model approach to understanding translation allows one to ascertain which aspects of the conclusions are robust with respect to the choice of modelling methodology, and when (and why) important differences may arise. This approach also allows for an optimal use of analysis tools, which is especially important when additional complexities or regulatory mechanisms are included. This approach can provide a robust platform for dissecting translation, and results in an improved predictive framework for applications in systems and synthetic biology.
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Answer:
The correct answer will be option-B.
Explanation:
Cellular respiration is a slow process which produces energy from the oxidation of food components which could be glucose, fatty acids and proteins.
The process proceeds in four steps: glycolysis, link reaction, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.
The energy molecules are produced when a high energy electron gets reduced and the released energy is stored in the form of energy molecules which could be ATP or energy equivalents like NADH and FADH₂.
These reducing equivalents donate its electrons during electron transport chain where the electrons flow to the last electron acceptor called oxygen.
Thus, Option-B is the correct answer.
Answer:
The fossil theory and the distribution of species
Explanation:
The answer is B! Sex cells come from sexual reproduction meaning they will take a cell from both parents!
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